An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R, Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Rob Tibshirani, 2021 (Springer) - Excellent foundational text covering statistical modeling, inference, prediction, and various machine learning methods from an introductory perspective.
CS229 Machine Learning Course Notes, Andrew Ng, TM, 2018 (Stanford University) - Provides comprehensive lecture notes covering fundamental machine learning concepts, including model definition, types, and applications in prediction and inference.