Database System Concepts, Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, 2019 (McGraw-Hill Education) - A standard textbook that provides a rigorous conceptual foundation for data, information, and the principles of organizing data into structured datasets like tables.
Python for Data Analysis, Wes McKinney, 2022 (O'Reilly Media) - A practical guide demonstrating how different forms of data (numbers, text, etc.) are represented and manipulated using Python's data structures, particularly DataFrames.
Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science (Course 6.0002), Prof. Eric Grimson, Prof. John Guttag, Dr. Ana Bell, 2016 (MIT OpenCourseWare) - This course offers foundational lecture notes and assignments that help define what data is and how it is approached computationally in a data science context.