The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman, 2009 (Springer) - Comprehensive coverage of statistical learning methods, including decision trees, ensemble methods, support vector machines, and optimization algorithms, illustrating various algorithmic strategies.
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, Richard S. Sutton, Andrew G. Barto, 2018 (A Bradford Book, The MIT Press) - Definitive textbook on reinforcement learning, detailing dynamic programming applications for solving Markov Decision Processes in value and policy iteration.
Deep Learning, Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville, 2016 (MIT Press) - Provides a thorough theoretical and practical foundation for deep learning, covering optimization techniques (e.g., SGD) and regularization methods (e.g., Dropout) that exemplify iterative and randomized algorithms.
Random Forests, Leo Breiman, 2001Machine Learning, Vol. 45DOI: 10.1023/A:1010933404324 - The seminal paper introducing the Random Forest algorithm, demonstrating a powerful combination of divide and conquer, greedy, and randomized strategies for ensemble learning.