Technical Specifications

GLM-4.5

GLM-4.5 is a flagship multimodal large language model developed by Z.ai that integrates complex reasoning, software engineering, and agentic capabilities within a unified architecture. It employs a sophisticated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) design with 355 billion total parameters, specifically engineered to optimize parameter efficiency by activating only 32 billion parameters during a forward pass. A defining feature of the model is its dual-mode execution framework, which allows it to alternate between a high-latency 'Thinking Mode' for multi-step planning and an instantaneous 'Non-Thinking Mode' for standard interactive tasks.

Technical innovations in GLM-4.5 focus on architectural depth over width to enhance logical deduction and mathematical processing. The model utilizes Grouped-Query Attention (GQA) with 96 attention heads and a hidden dimension size of 5120. Its MoE implementation features sigmoid-gated routing and QK-Norm to ensure stable expert utilization and load balancing. The training pipeline involved a massive 23-trillion-token corpus, including 7 trillion tokens dedicated to code and reasoning datasets, followed by reinforcement learning using the custom-built 'slime' infrastructure to refine autonomous decision-making.

Designed for production-grade agent applications, GLM-4.5 supports native function calling and complex web browsing with a high success rate. It features an expansive 128,000-token context window and a substantial maximum output limit of 96,000 tokens, making it suitable for long-form document analysis and full-stack software development. The model is released with open weights under the MIT License, facilitating broad adoption in both research and commercial environments.