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Python Programming Fundamentals

Chapter 1: Getting Started with Python

What is Python Programming?

Why Choose Python for AI and Development?

Understanding Interpreted vs Compiled Languages

Setting up Your Python Environment (Windows)

Setting up Your Python Environment (macOS)

Setting up Your Python Environment (Linux)

Using the Python Interpreter (REPL)

Writing and Running Your First Python Script

Introduction to IDEs and Code Editors

Hands-on Practical: Setup Verification and First Script

Chapter 2: Python Basics: Variables, Data Types, and Operators

Storing Information: Variables

Fundamental Data Types: Numbers (Integers, Floats)

Fundamental Data Types: Text (Strings)

Fundamental Data Types: Booleans

Working with Operators: Arithmetic

Working with Operators: Comparison

Working with Operators: Logical

Type Conversion Explained

Getting User Input

Adding Comments to Your Code

Practice: Simple Calculations and Input Output

Chapter 3: Controlling Program Flow

Making Decisions: The if Statement

Handling Alternatives: elif and else

Repeating Actions: The while Loop

Iterating Over Sequences: The for Loop

Controlling Loops: break and continue

Nested Control Structures

Practice: Conditional Logic and Loop Implementation

Chapter 4: Organizing Data: Collections

Introduction to Sequences: Lists

Modifying Lists: Adding, Removing, Changing Items

Immutable Sequences: Tuples

Key Value Pairs: Dictionaries

Accessing and Modifying Dictionary Data

Unique Items: Sets

Operations on Sets

Choosing the Right Data Structure

Hands-on Practical: Working with Collections

Chapter 5: Building Blocks: Functions

Defining Your Own Functions

Function Parameters and Arguments

Returning Values from Functions

Understanding Variable Scope (Local vs Global)

Default Argument Values

Docstrings: Documenting Your Functions

Lambda Functions: Quick Anonymous Functions

Practice: Creating and Using Functions

Chapter 6: Interacting with Files

Understanding File Paths

Opening and Closing Files

Reading Data from Files

Writing Data to Files

Appending to Files

Using with for Automatic File Closing

Working with Different File Modes

Hands-on Practical: Reading and Writing Text Files

Chapter 7: Reusing Code: Modules and Packages

What are Modules?

Importing Modules: import Statement

Importing Specific Names: from ... import

Python's Standard Library Overview

Finding and Installing External Packages with pip

Commonly Used Standard Modules

Organizing Code into Packages (Basic Structure)

Practice: Using Standard and External Modules

Chapter 8: Introduction to Object-Oriented Concepts

Thinking in Objects: Classes and Objects

Defining a Class

Creating Instances (Objects)

Attributes: Storing Data in Objects

Methods: Defining Behavior for Objects

The __init__ Method (Constructor)

The self Parameter Explained

Hands-on Practical: Defining a Simple Class

Chapter 9: Handling Errors and Exceptions

Understanding Errors in Python

Introduction to Exceptions

Handling Exceptions: try and except Blocks

Handling Specific Exception Types

The else Block in Exception Handling

The finally Block: Cleanup Actions

Raising Exceptions Manually

Practice: Implementing Error Handling

Chapter 10: Putting It All Together

Review of Core Python Concepts

Planning a Simple Application

Example Project: A Basic Command Line Tool

Structuring Your Project Files

Writing the Code: Step by Step

Testing Your Application

Where to Go Next: Further Python Learning

Python Basics: Variables, Data Types, and Operators

With the Python environment established, we proceed to the essential elements required to construct programs. This chapter introduces the concepts needed to manage and manipulate data within your scripts.

You will learn how to:

Use variables to store and reference information.
Work with Python's fundamental data types: numbers (integers like 5 and floating-point numbers like 3.14), text (strings like "hello"), and boolean values (True and False).
Apply operators for arithmetic ( $a + b$ ), comparison ( $x > y$ ), and logical combinations (condition1 and condition2).
Convert data between different types (e.g., changing "10" to 10).
Receive input from users interacting with your script.
Incorporate comments to explain your code.

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to write simple Python programs that perform calculations, handle basic text, and interact with user input.

Sections

2.1 Storing Information: Variables
2.2 Fundamental Data Types: Numbers (Integers, Floats)
2.3 Fundamental Data Types: Text (Strings)
2.4 Fundamental Data Types: Booleans
2.5 Working with Operators: Arithmetic
2.6 Working with Operators: Comparison
2.7 Working with Operators: Logical
2.8 Type Conversion Explained
2.9 Getting User Input
2.10 Adding Comments to Your Code
2.11 Practice: Simple Calculations and Input Output

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