Learning to Rank using Gradient Descent, Christopher J. C. Burges, Tal Shaked, Erin Renshaw, Ari Lazier, Matt Deeds, Nicole Hamilton, Gregory N. Hullender, 2005Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ACM)DOI: 10.1145/1102351.1102363 - 本文介绍了RankNet,它构成了成对排序的基础以及lambda梯度的概念,对后续发展具有基础性意义。