Having established how to create NumPy arrays and access their elements, the next step is to perform computations using them. This chapter introduces the core operations that make NumPy a foundation for numerical computing in Python.

You will learn how to:

• Apply basic arithmetic operations (like addition, subtraction, multiplication) element by element across arrays.
• Utilize Universal Functions (ufuncs) for optimized, vectorized operations such as $sqrt(x)$ or $sin(x)$.
• Calculate common mathematical and statistical metrics like sum, mean, and standard deviation for entire arrays or along specific axes.
• Perform logical comparisons between arrays or between an array and a scalar value.
• Understand broadcasting, the mechanism NumPy uses to implicitly handle operations on arrays with different but compatible shapes.

These operations are fundamental for data analysis and form the building blocks for more complex algorithms.