Mixture of Experts: Core Concepts and Hands-on Implementation
Chapter 1: Foundations of Mixture of Experts Models
Overview of Sparsely-Gated MoE Architecture
The Gating Network: Formulation and Function
Expert Networks: Specialization and Capacity
Mathematical Formulation of the MoE Layer
Load Balancing and Auxiliary Losses
Challenges in MoE Training: Expert Collapse
Comparison with Dense Model Scaling
Hands-on: Implementing a Basic MoE Layer
Chapter 2: Advanced Routing Mechanisms
Analysis of Top-k Gating and its Variants
Noisy Top-k Gating for Load Balancing
Hash-based Routing for Deterministic Selection
Switch Transformers: Simplified Routing
Soft MoE: Differentiable Routing
Analyzing Routing Decisions and Specialization
Hands-on: Implementing Different Routing Strategies
Chapter 3: Training and Optimization of Large-Scale MoEs
Expert Parallelism for Distributed Training
Combining Model, Data, and Expert Parallelism
Capacity Factor and its Impact on Performance
Techniques for Mitigating Router Z-Loss Instability
Precision and its Effects: BFloat16 Training
Fine-tuning Strategies for Pre-trained MoE Models
Practice: Configuring a Distributed Training Job
Chapter 4: Efficient Inference with MoE Models
Inference Challenges: Memory and Latency
Expert Offloading to CPU or NVMe
Batching Strategies for Sparse Activation
Model Distillation for MoE Compression
Quantization Techniques for MoE Layers
Speculative Decoding with MoE Models
Hands-on: Building an Optimized Inference Pipeline
Chapter 5: Integrating MoE into Modern Architectures
Replacing FFNs with MoE Layers in Transformers
Placement of MoE Layers: Frequency and Location
MoE in Vision Transformers (ViT)
MoE in Multi-modal Models
Architectural Variants and their Properties
Analyzing Parameter vs. FLOPs Trade-offs
Practice: Modifying a Transformer to use MoE
Hands-on: Building an Optimized Inference Pipeline
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- QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs on Consumer GPUs, Tim Dettmers, Artidoro Pagnoni, Ari Holtzman, Luke Zettlemoyer, 2023 arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14314 DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2305.14314 - Introduces 4-bit NormalFloat (NF4) quantization, a core technique for memory reduction and efficient inference.
- Accelerate Documentation - Device Map, Hugging Face, 2024 (Hugging Face) - Official guide on using
device_mapfor distributing large models across available devices, including CPU offloading. - FastAPI Documentation, Sebastián RamÃrez, 2024 - Official documentation for FastAPI, the framework used to build the web API serving the optimized model.